E f f e c t i v e a n d a c c o u n t a b l e s e r v i c e d e l i v e r y Commonwealth Governance Handbook 2013/14 76 Developing a system of corruption control, no matter how complex, requires a balance between ideological fighting slogans, institutional prevention and physical sanctions. Deficiencies in anti-corruption systems will lead to frustration with state organs and government politicians. These deficiencies may prompt a range of responses – expanded criminalisation, radical legislative measures, tightened sanctions and the creation of new administrative units. But in the fight against corruption, a necessary component is directional change in public consciousness: the formation and maintenance of a culture of transparency. Public involvement and morale are integral to achieving results. Although society, by its nature, changes only very slowly, its inclusion and motivation are not to be forgotten. Endnotes 1 de Speville, Bertrand. Failing anticorruption agencies – Causes and Cures. ‘Empowering anti-corruption agencies: Defying institutional failure and strengthening preventive and repressive capacities’. http://ancoragenet. org/content/documents/de_speville.pdf. 2 For example, from 2003 the punishment for bribery was the loss of the right to work in the civil service area. (CC., Article 45. Deprivation of the Right to be Employed in a Certain Position or to Engage in a Certain Type of Activity). Imprisonment and other punishments were outlined in the criminal code, but not arbitrated by the courts due to ‘the low level of the severity of the crime’ and the adequacy of other punishments that were available, due to soft laws or lenient activity on the part of the courts. This was driven by the desire of the judiciary to not tighten penal policy (with many offenses, harsher punishment means more people are convicted). 3 Pagal 2010 m. Pasaulinį korupcijos barometrą, net 63 proc. Lietuvos respondentų teigia, kad korupcijos lygis per pastaruosius trejus metus išaugo. ‘Transparency International’ Lietuvos skyrius JT Konvencijos prieš korupciją įgyvendinimo paralelinė ataskaita. 2011. 4 Pope, Jeremy. TI Source book 2000: Confronting corruption: The elements of a national integrity system. p. 269. 5 Republic of Lithuania Law on Prevention of Corruption, 28 May 2002, No. IX-904 (with amendments). http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=2125 25. Laurynas Pakstaitis is an associate professor of criminal law and criminology at Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Currently a member of the International Anti- Corruption Academy (Laxenburg, Austria) Academic Advisory Board, he was a senior specialist for prevention at the Special Investigations service (STT), a special body responsible for the fight against corruption, and took part in drafting and implementing techniques and legal instruments for the prevention of corruption.
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