Whilst desalination plants do provide a ‘backstop’ source of water, the continued affordability of such supplies, when reliant on fossil fuels, is open to question. 6 The predominate financing model in the Caribbean is one whereby operation and maintenance costs are covered by revenue from tariffs, but capital works are funded through loans guaranteed by governments and by government transfers. This ‘cash needs’ approach (Baietti and Curiel, 2005) does not take into account implicit costs, such as exchange and inflation risks; environmental costs; bad debts; and costs of foregone operation and maintenance. If tariffs are not regularly reviewed and adjusted there will be an increasing reliance on taxation transfers. A compounding factor is the lack of a clear institutional framework of policies, legislation and regulations that sets out duties and responsibilities, such as cost recovery policies (Cashman, 2012). References Baietti, A. and Curiel, P., 2005. ‘Financing water supply and sanitation investments: Estimating revenue requirements and financial sustainability’. Water Supply and Sanitation Working Note No 7. Washington: World Bank. BWA (Barbados Water Authority), 2008. Cost–Benefit Analysis for Implementing the West Coast Sewerage Project under a Public–Private Partnership Agreement. Bridgetown: BWA. Bueno, R., Herzfeld, C., Stanton, E. and Ackerman, F., 2008. The Caribbean and Climate Change: The Cost of Inaction. Medford: Tufts University. Campbell, J., Taylor, M., Stephenson, T., Watson, R. and Whyte, F., 2010. ‘Future climate of the Caribbean from a regional climate model’. International Journal of Climatology, 31, pp. 1866–1878. CEHI (Caribbean Environmental Health Institute), 2009. Water Safety Plan, Linden, Guyana. Castries: CEHI. Cashman, A., 2012. ‘Water policy development and governance in the Caribbean: An overview of regional progress’. Water Policy 2012, 14, pp. 14–30. Charara, N., Cashman, A., Bonnell, R. and Gehr, R., 2011. ‘Water use efficiency in the hotel sector of Barbados’. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19, pp. 231–245. ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean), 2010. Energy Efficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean: Situation and Outlook. Santiago: ECLAC. PAHO-CDC-EPA Partnership, 2008. Establishment of a Regional Water Safety Plan Network in the Latin America and Caribbean Region pdf BVSDE. Available at: www.bvsde.paho.org/wsp network/planestrategiceng.pdf Accessed 1 December 2014. GWP-C (Global Water Partnership-Caribbean). Ministerial declaration: Arising out of the eighth High Level Session Ministerial Forum pdf GWP. Available at: www.gwp.org/ Global/GWP-C%20Files/HLS%208%20-%20Recommendations% 20by%20Caribbean%20Ministers.pdf Accessed 1 December 2014. GoJ (Government of Jamaica), 2011. Second National Communication of Jamaica to the UNFCC. Kingston: Meteorological Service of Jamaica. GWP (Global Water Partnership), 2012. Increasing Water Security: Development Imperative pdf GWP. Available at www.gwp.org/ Global/About%20GWP/Publications/Perspectives%20Paper_Water %20Security_final.pdf Accessed 28 November 2014. Wa t e r s e c u r i t y a n d s e r v i c e s i n t h e Ca r i b b e a n Halcrow Inc, 2010. Rehabilitation and Replacement of Water Distribution: Network Action Plan. New York: Halcrow Inc. Hall, T., Sealy, A. M. and Stephenson, T. S., 2012. ‘Future climate of the Caribbean from super-high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model’. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 113, pp. 271–287. PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), 2001. Regional Report on the Evaluation 2000 in the Region of the Americas: Water Supply and Sanitation, Current Status and Prospects. Washington: PAHO. Schneiderman, J. and Reddock, R., 2004. ‘Water, women and community in Trinidad, West Indies’. Natural Resources Forum, 28, pp. 179–188. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 2008. Climate Change in the Caribbean and the Challenge of Adaptation. Panama City: UNEP Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean. UWI (University of the West Indies), 2012. Green Economy Scoping Study: Barbados. pdf United Nations Environment Programme. Available at: www.unep.org/pdf/Barbados_GESS_ study_web2.pdf Accessed 1 December 2014. WASA (Water and Sewerage Authority), 2005. State of Water Resources. Port of Spain: WASA. Watkins, K., Carvajal, L., Coppard, D., Fuentes, R. and Ghosh, A., 2006. Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis pdf UNDP. Available at: www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/ library/corporate/HDR/2006%20Global%20HDR/HDR-2006- Beyond%20scarcity-Power-poverty-and-the-global-water-crisis.pdf Accessed 28 November 2014. World Bank, 2005. Institutions, Performance, and the Financing of Infrastructure Services in the Caribbean pdf World Bank. Available at: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/ 10.1596/978-0- 8213-6280-8 Accessed 1 December 2014. WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme), 2009. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO. Commonwealth Governance Handbook 2014/15 123 DR ADRIAN C. CASHMAN is director of the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies, and senior lecturer in water resources management at the University of the West Indies, Barbados. Cashman is a chartered engineer and has been involved in water management through contracting, consultancy, public service and academia. Since joining UWI he has worked with the Ministry of Environment on the Barbados Green Economy Scoping Study, where he has had lead responsibility for water and waste management inputs. He has worked with a range of multilateral agencies, including as chair of the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency’s Working Group, and with the 5Cs and the World Bank investigating the potential impact of climate change on tourism in Barbados. He was previously a deputy director in Namibia’s Department of Water Affairs for 12 years and has also worked with the UK government.
CEP template 2012
To see the actual publication please follow the link above