C ommo nwe a l t h memb e r c o u n t r i e s doctors, and 639 nurses and midwives per 100,000 people. In 2013, 95 per cent of one-year-olds were immunised with one dose of measles and in 2011, 100 per cent of births were attended by qualified health attendants. In 2012, 100 per cent of Singapore’s population had access to improved water sources and adequate sanitation facilities. The most recent survey, conducted in the period 2000–11, reports that Singapore has 39 pharmaceutical personnel per 100,000 people. Singapore’s medical standards are among the highest in Asia and the health care system was ranked sixth in the WHO’s ranking of world health systems in 2000. Health care in Singapore is a combination of both private and government institutions offering primary, secondary and tertiary health care provision. The public system is managed by the Ministry of Health, which is also responsible for regulating health standards and formulating national health policies for the provision of preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services. The private system is composed of private hospitals and private general practitioners, which provide 80 per cent of primary health care services. The public sector, however, provides 80 per cent of hospital care. There are 18 government-run outpatient polyclinics, about 1,500 private medical practitioners’ clinics, and several public and private hospitals and specialty centres. There is a large and successful pharmaceutical industry in Singapore, with more than ten leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies having regional headquarters in the country. The pharmaceutical sector is self-regulated through the Singapore Pharmacy Council. The most recent act of parliament relating to mental health in Singapore is the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) Act 2008. Main health concerns and plans for remedial action: Singapore has a life expectancy of 82 years, showing a sustained increase – up from 78 years in 2000 and 76 years in 1990. Gains have been primarily due to reduced child and maternal mortality, and improved longevity for other age groups, particularly for older people with chronic diseases. Singapore suffers from few physical hazards, but has one of the world’s most open economies which, coupled with a high population density, makes the country particularly vulnerable to outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in 2009. In response to this vulnerability, the Ministry of Health maintains a comprehensive and well-established system of disease surveillance and control under the Infectious Diseases Act. The Ministry of Health has access to a surveillance Under-five mortality 8 7 6 5 4 3 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Under-five mortality per 1,000 live births 100 80 262 Commonwealth Health Partnerships 2015 2 Life expectancy 1980 1990 2000 2013 Life expectancy Life expectancy in years 60 Mortality by cause of death (% of all deaths), 2012 Communicable diseases, Injuries maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions Non-communicable diseases Tuberculosis: Incidence and mortality 1990 2000 2010 Mortality excluding cases comorbid with HIV (per100,000 people) Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) – including cases comorbid with HIV 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Commonwealth Health Partnerships 2015
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