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Op e n c o n t r a c t i n g : A c c o u n t a b i l i t y t h r o u g h e n h a n c e d d i s c l o s u r e a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n lessons for Egypt, global partners and associates’, (2012). 20 Kenny, supra Note 2. 21 Nearly 100 countries have enacted access to information legislation. See also the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; American Convention on Human Rights; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; African Charter on Human Rights; and EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. 22 See Aarhus Convention (1998, arts 6, 9); Principles for responsible contracts: integrating the management of human rights risks into state-investor contract negotiations: guidance for negotiators (‘Ruggie Principles’) (2011); and constitution of South Africa (1996, s. 195) which states that ‘the public must be encouraged to participate in policymaking… public administration must be accountable’. 23 Lough Erne Declaration (2013). 24 Remarks by World Bank Managing Director Caroline Anstey at Closing Plenary of G8 Conference on Tax, Trade and Transparency, UK-Organised G8 Conference on Tax, Trade and Transparency at Lancaster House, London, United Kingdom (15 June 2013). 25 The OCP steering group is comprised of the Construction Sector Transparency initiative (CoST), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Integrity Action, the governments of Colombia and the Philippines, Oxfam America, Transparency International and the World Bank Institute. 26 See Tim Davies, Developing Data Standards for Open contracting (4 April 2013). 27 Pro-act.org. Commonwealth Governance Handbook 2013/14 81 Lindsey Marchessault is a lawyer and a consultant with the World Bank Institute Open Contracting Team. She previously worked in the private sector in Alberta, Canada, and at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes at the World Bank in Washington, DC. For the past year, Lindsey has been involved with the launch of the Open Contracting Partnership and the development of the Open Contracting Global Principles and Data Standards.


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