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E f f e c t i v e a n d a c c o u n t a b l e s e r v i c e d e l i v e r y improve development programming, with particular focus on connecting to the poor, marginalised, vulnerable and underserved through citizen-centric services. In all of this, user-friendliness must take account of Pakistan’s specific social conditions and the gender dimension in particular. As we have said, the necessary financial and educational investments for end-users are low. M-governance holds the promise of a society in which women can use mobile technologies to communicate with the outside world without having to leave the comfort of their homes; pay their bills online; vote online; or just have a way to access emergency help, or sexual-reproductive health information, without having to involve third persons. Thus mobiles have the ability to empower individuals and groups who are deprived of personal freedoms: they are reshaping both administrative and social systems, and will continue to do so. References CIA Factbook. (2010). Pakistan. In The World Factbook, Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld factbook/geos/pk.html. Ghyasi, F. and Kushchu, I. (2004). M-Government: Cases of Developing Countries. In proceedings from the fourth European conference on e-government, Castle Dublin, Ireland, pp. 887–898. Informa Telecoms and Media. (2011). World Cellular Information Service. Retrieved from: http://www.informatandm.com/about/wcis/. International Telecommunication Union. (2011). Measuring the Information Society 2011. Geneva: International Telecommunication Union. International Telecommunication Union. (2012). World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators Database. International Telecommunication Union, Retrieved from: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/world/world.html. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Zoido-Lobatón, P. (1999). Governance Matters. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2196. Kesavarapu, S. and Mun-Kee, C. (2009). ‘A theoretical framework of knowledge management in m-government’. International Journal of Computer and Communication Technology, 1(1), pp. 3–13. Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT). (2011). Draft Consultation Paper on Mobile Governance Policy Framework. Government of India. Delhi: Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. Ministry of Finance. (2012). Pakistan Economic Survey 2011–12. Government of Pakistan. Islamabad: Ministry of Finance. Ministry of IT (MIT). (2007). Broadband Penetration in Pakistan: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Government of Pakistan. Islamabad: Ministry of Information Technology. Murthy, G. (2010). Pakistan Mobile Access Overview. InterMedia. Retrieved from: http://www.audiencescapes.org/ country-profiles-pakistan-country-overview-mobilecommunications 2010-sms-telelink-money-khyberpakhtunkhwa urdu-FATA-KPK. NADRA. (2009). Pakistan has world’s largest biometric citizen database. National Database and Registration Authority, The Dawn, 1 November 2009. Naqi, S. (2003). ICT Sector in Pakistan. Asian-Pacific II, 14. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA). (2008). ‘Cellular Sector’. In Pakistan Telecommunication Authority Annual Report 2008, pp. 31–43, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority. Planning Commission of Pakistan (PCP). (2012). Rethinking Connectivity as Interactivity: Role of Networks. Government of Pakistan, Planning Commission. Retrieved from: http://www.pc.gov.pk/feg/PDFs/Connectivity_final_report.pdf. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2012). Mobile Technologies and Empowerment: Enhancing human development through participation and innovation. Democratic Governance Division, United Nations Development Programme. Vijayakumar, S., Sabarish, K. and Krishnan, G. (2010). Innovation and M-Governance: The Kerala Mobile Governance Experience and Road-Map for a Comprehensive M-Governance Strategy. Retrieved from: http://www.ipeglobal.com/newsletter/May_2011/Kerala%20Mgovernance% 20Strategy.pdf. Vodafone and ICRIER. (2009). ‘India: The Impact of Mobile Phones’. In Moving the debate forward: The Vodafone Policy Paper Series 9. London: Vodafone Group. Vodafone. (2005). ‘Africa: The Impact of Mobile Phones’. In Moving the debate forward: The Vodafone Policy Paper Series 3. London: Vodafone Group. World Bank. (2008). Global Economic Prospects: Technology Diffusion in the Developing World. Washington, DC.: World Bank. World Bank. (2012). Pakistan: Enhancing Service Delivery in Districts across Punjab. The World Bank, News and Broadcast. Retrieved from: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,content MDK:23302910~menuPK:51062075~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~ theSitePK:4607,00.html. Commonwealth Governance Handbook 2013/14 90 Omer Awan is ICT officer, Governance and Institutional Development Division, Commonwealth Secretariat.


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