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Commonwealth Health Partnerships 2015

C ommo nwe a l t h memb e r c o u n t r i e s – down from eight deaths in 1990. In 2012 the two most prominent known causes of death for children below the age of five years were prematurity (26 per cent) and congenital anomalies (23 per cent). Other contributory causes were intrapartum-related complications (ten per cent), injuries (three per cent), neonatal sepsis (three per cent) and acute respiratory infections (two per cent). In 2013 Canada had an adjusted maternal mortality ratio of 11 deaths per 100,000 live births (estimate by UN agencies/World Bank). Burden of disease: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for an estimated 89 per cent of all mortality in Canada in 2012. The most prevalent NCDs in Canada are cancer, which accounted for 30 per cent of total deaths across all age groups in 2012, and cardiovascular diseases, accounting for 27 per cent of all deaths. Non-communicable variants of respiratory diseases and diabetes contributed seven per cent and three per cent to total mortality, respectively (2012). Injuries accounted for six per cent of deaths in 2012. Communicable diseases along with maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions accounted for an estimated four per cent of all mortality in 2012. Prevalence of HIV in Canada, as a percentage of the population aged 15–49 years, was approximately 0.4 per cent in 2012. In the period 1990–2011 levels of HIV showed a slight increase. Canada is considered a non-endemic country for malaria by the World Health Organization (WHO). Estimated incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has almost halved in the period 1990–2013, while estimated mortality (when mortality data excludes cases comorbid with HIV) has shown a slight decrease. The most commonly diagnosed mental illnesses are anxiety disorders and depression. Health systems: In 2012 government expenditure on health was 7.7 per cent of GDP, equivalent to US$4,022 per capita. In the most recent survey, conducted between 1997 and 2011, there were 207 doctors, and 929 nurses and midwives per 100,000 people. There is universal maternal health care in Canada (in 2011 qualified health attendants were present at 98 per cent of births) and, in 2013, 95 per cent of one-year-olds were immunised with one dose of measles. According to a 2012 survey, 100 per cent of Canada’s population have access to improved water sources and adequate sanitation facilities. A survey conducted in the period 2000–11 showed that there are 76 pharmaceutical personnel per 100,000 people. Under-five mortality 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Under-five mortality per 1,000 live births 10 8 6 100 80 162 Commonwealth Health Partnerships 2015 4 Mortality by cause of death (% of all deaths), 2012 Communicable diseases, Injuries maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions Non-communicable diseases Tuberculosis: Incidence and mortality 1990 2000 2010 Mortality excluding cases comorbid with HIV (per100,000 people) Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) – including cases comorbid with HIV 10 8 6 4 2 0 Life expectancy 1980 1990 2000 2013 Life expectancy Life expectancy in years 60


Commonwealth Health Partnerships 2015
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