decline in the period 1990–2012, more than halving over this time, but has risen slightly since. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Zambia accounted for an estimated 22 per cent of all mortality in 2012. The most prevalent NCDs in Zambia are cardiovascular diseases, which accounted for eight per cent of total deaths across all age groups in 2008. Cancer, non-communicable variants of respiratory diseases and diabetes contributed four per cent, one per cent and one per cent to total mortality, respectively (2012). Injuries accounted for 11 per cent of deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed mental illness in Zambia is depression, alongside other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as those relating to drug and alcohol abuse. The risk of mortality is significantly increased by the stigma attached to mental illness, the prevalence of HIV, high unemployment and socio-economic difficulties, with more than 68 per cent of individuals living on less than US$1 a day in 2010. Z amb i a Health systems: Zambia’s public spending on health was 4.2 per cent of GDP in 2012, equivalent to US$62 per capita. In the most recent survey, conducted in 2010, there were seven doctors, and 78 nurses and midwives per 100,000 people. Additionally, in the period 2007–12, 47 per cent of births were attended by qualified health staff and in 2013, 80 per cent of one-year-olds were immunised with one dose of measles. In 2012, 63 per cent of people were using an improved drinking water source and 43 per cent had access to adequate sanitation facilities. The most recent survey, conducted in the period 2000–11, reports that Zambia has 13 pharmaceutical personnel per 100,000 people. Zambia’s five main referral hospitals are the Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital (Ndola), Chainama Hills College Hospital (Lusaka), Kitwe Central, Ndola Central and the University Teaching Hospital (Lusaka). There are provincial and district hospitals and health centres throughout the country. Health providers other than the government include faith organisations and health care companies. There are four main manufacturers of pharmaceutical products, all based in Lusaka. Products include tablets, painkillers, syrups and some antibiotics. About 85–90 per cent of pharmaceuticals are imported. In 1995 a new Mental Health Services Act was passed to replace the Mental Disorders Act 1951. However, this was repealed in 2005 to pave the way for the dissolution of the Central Board of Commonwealth Health Partnerships 2015 299 Under-five mortality 200 150 100 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Under-five mortality per 1,000 live births 2015 MDG 4 target 50 Life expectancy and HIV/AIDS 15 14 13 1980 1990 2000 2013 Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among those aged 15–49 Life expectancy Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population aged 15-49) Life expectancy in years 60 50 40 12 Mortality by cause of death (% of all deaths), 2012 Injuries Communicable diseases, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions Non-communicable diseases Tuberculosis: Incidence and mortality 1990 2000 2010 Mortality excluding cases comorbid with HIV (per100,000 people) Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) – including cases comorbid with HIV 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Commonwealth Health Partnerships 2015
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